References

References

Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., El Helou, N., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., ... & Toussaint, J. F. (2010). Women and men in sport performance: The gender gap has not evolved since 1983. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9, 214-223.

The journal allows me to analyze how much of a difference there is between genders within sports and how it has changed over time. Overall ever since 1983 women have been unable to match or exceed many certain records set in place by men. I plan on using the journal in paragraphs 2,3, and 5 in order to in order to express the points presented in the outline. The article does not have any discernible flaws at the moment since all the data is compiled from Olympic records and only use the sports that can have a direct comparison.

Evaluation: The journal opened up a different reason for statistical differences that I did not consider and that was the access to better equipment. It showed me that some athletes might do better only because of what they have access to. Compared to the other sources this gives me a general understanding behind the differences of male and female athletes. The study itself comes from the medical source that most sports follow.

McLean, S. G., Lipfert, S. W., & Van Den Bogert, A. J. (2004). Effect of gender and defensive opponent on the biomechanics of sidestep cutting. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 36(6), 1008.

The journal explores the effects of concussions on both male and female athletes in a variety of sports as well as the lasting damage to either gender. I plan on using the information provided to further the points in paragraphs 6 and 8. A flaw would have to be that it only focuses on concussions which is self diagnosed most of the time, the study relied on the honesty of its participants. The findings however still highlight the risks of a mixed gender contact sport.

Evaluation: The journal showed me that injuries and recovery time not only depend on the person but also on the gender itself. This will let me address certain concerns such as male and female competitors in contact sports where injuries are common. This journal showed me that there is more to consider than just morals when it comes to mixed gender sports. Compared to the other sources this deals with the effects of what might happen.

Phillips, C. J. (2018, March 02). In era of equality, how will sports handle transgender athletes? Retrieved April 10, 2018, fromhttp://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/era-equality-sports-handle-transgender-athletes-article-1.3849591

This article addresses some of the concerns about how some athletes who are undergoing transitions to the opposite sex might be having unfair advantages in their field. This is as close to a mixed gendered match up as we can get at the moment and poses certain moral questions that should be addressed. A flaw is that this is addressing two isolated incidents without much scientific backing for a bigger picture.

Evaluation: The article brings to light an interesting point that should be considered with the emergence of transgender athletes. The article shows that there are competitors that do feel a significant difference competing against someone who is transitioning to the opposite sex. This article unlike the others relies more on people's experiences rather than empirical analysis. It also leans heavily to one side of the debate framing transgender athletes as having an unfair advantage. However it does show that these situations do happen at both an amateur and competitive level.

Sudai, M. (2017). The testosterone rule—constructing fairness in professional sport. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 4(1), 181-193.

The journal addresses how testosterone is a key factor in making a better athlete which is why men hold certain advantages. However by measuring testosterone in order to participate in a sport it may be able to make a fair playing field in gender mixed sports. A fault of this study is that they used about twice as many males as females making a smaller comparison. I plan on using this information in paragraphs 4,5,6, and 9.

Evaluation: The journal will help me show that there is something that we can directly attribute as an advantage for both male and female athletes. This is an unbiased look and will allow me to look into a way that both genders can compete against one another in fair manner. This journal is similar to the others in the sense that it further breaks down the medical situations behind gender and sports. The journal also showed me that there are some athletes who may be barred from competing in a sport because they naturally produce an excessive amount of testosterone.